نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 41، زمستان 1392)

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)، Cadmium is a critical leading pollutant. Priority pollutants are pollutants that can cause Cancer، Mutagenesis، and Malformation in exposed organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sunflower residuals on removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions. This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale and was performed on 200 synthetic samples in a batch system. In this study the effect of parameters such as contact time (5،10، 15،30،45،60،120 min)، pH (2،4،6،7)، cadmium concentration (15،30، and 60 mg) and adsorbent doses (0. 2،0. 6،1 grams in 100 cc) was evaluated. Finally the results were analyzed by kinetic models. The results showed that، cadmium removal efficiency was 95% after 24 hours. Optimum pH range was 6. Maximum absorption occurred in 5 minutes. Investigating absorption through kinetic model showed that Cadmium absorption by sunflower residuals follows pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0. 999). Maximum binding capacity was 20. 2 mg g. On the basis of the results، removal efficiency of cadmium increases by increasing the solution pH from 2 to 6 and reduces higher than 7 again. Cadmium removal efficiency would increase with contact time and adsorbent mass and decrease with increasing initial concentration of Cadmium.

Type two Diabetes is one of the major causes of mortality and its prevalence is increasing around the world. It is widely accepted that diabetes is an oxidative disease. One of the antioxidants used in oxidative diseases is CoQ10. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of CoQ10 on insulin resistance and glycaemic control of patients with type two diabetes. This is a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial which was conducted on 70 type 2 diabetic patients in Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2011. The diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups، CoQ10 and placebo. The Two groups took two capsules containing 100mg CoQ10 or placebo every day for 12 weeks. Blood glucose and insulin resistance were measured before and after the trial. Sixty two patients completed the trial. There was no significant difference between the mean of fasting blood glucose، median insulin and median secretion of the beta cells between two groups after the trial. The mean difference of Insulin sensitivity change was significantly greater in CoQ10 group (12. 1+67. 1vs -19. 1+50. 1 P<0. 05). The median difference of HOMA (insulin resistance) between two groups after the trial was significant (P<0. 05). This study revealed that CoQ10 supplementation significantly increases insulin sensitivity and decreases insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Regarding the results of this study، supplementation with CoQ10 can be recommended for diabetic patients.

Pistachio hull، a by-product of Pistachio processing، is a source of environmental pollution and can cause the health problems. Therefore، it must be treated by proper، sanitary and economical manners. The aim of this study is to determine the ability of composted pistachio hull and mixed of pistachio hull and broiler litter using compost maturity parameters. A cross-sectional study was carried out during September 2011 to March 2012 in Rafsanjan، southeast of Iran. The collected pist achio hulls were placed in two windrows، pistachio hull and pistachio hull mixed with broiler litter. The windrows were turned over manually at intervals of 7، 14، 21، 28، 35، 42، 70، 80، 110، and 120 days relative to the sampling time. Chemical parameters including pH، EC، water soluble carbon، carbon to nitrogen ratio were measured following every turn over. The chemical parameters examined in the composted pistachio hull and the composted pistachio hull mixed with broiler litter were as follows: the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) as 18. 71 ± 0. 14 and 11. 92 ± 0. 09، pH as 7. 93 ± 0. 03 and 8. 11 ± 0. 11، water soluble carbon (mg per g) as 7. 23 ± 0. 16 and 3. 81 ± 0. 29، respectively. According to the results، the composts of pistachio hull mixed with broiler litter are maturated within 70 days. As the quality of both composts is often in the range of the standard compost in Iran، both composting methods are recommended to maintain the environmental health of the region and avoid financial loss.

Many industries such as manufacturers of pesticides، paints and pharmaceutics produce large amounts of 2،4،6-Trichlorophenol (TCP). Due to its high toxicity and environmental pollution TCP is classified as a leading hazardous compound. The aim of this study was to investigate the TCP removal by using zeolite (clinoptilolite) modified with surfactants from the aqueous solutions. In this study، the granulated and modified zeolite with surfactant Hexadecyltrimethyl Ammonium Chloride were investigated through the impact of the parameters such as pH (3، 5، 7 and 9)، time (5 to 240 min)، initial concentration of TCP (50 to 200 mg / L)، and adsorbent dose (10 to 60 grams per liter) in a batch laboratory scale. The concentration of TCP was measured using a UV-vis Spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 517 nm. Results showed that TCP uptake reaches equilibrium after 45 minutes and with increasing concentrations of 50 to 200 mg/L، the absorption rate of 4. 04 mg/g to 12. 22 mg/g can be increased. According to the results، the amount of TCP adsorption capacity at pH 3، 5، 7 and 9 was 7. 02، 7، 4. 76 and 4. 16 mg per gram، respectively. Increasing the dose absorption of 10 to 60 g/L at constant TCP concentration 200 mg/L also increased the removal efficiency of 60. 41% to 87. 29% and reduced the absorption capacity of 12. 78 mg/g to 2. 85 mg/g. Data also showed that the Langmuir isotherm (R2=0. 989) and pseudo second-order kinetic (R2 > 0. 99) are compliance. The results of the study showed that the Iranian modified zeolites can be used effectively in removal of TCP in comparison with other parts of the world. Considering the cost، availability and ease of modification، it can be used to remove TCP in water and wastewater.

Frequent performance improvement requires evaluating progress of any program، identifying challenges facing it and receiving feedback on the rate of implementation of formulated policies. Family physician (FP) plan plays a significant role in improving community health. This study was carried out to evaluate performance of FP plan implementation in Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KUMS).

This is a descriptive retrospective case study. The study context comprised of all districts covered by KUMS. Data were collected using statistical charts of routine system of statistics and information in three dimensions of technical performance (five indicators)، facility and human resources (six indicators) and financial resources (two indicators). Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics (frequency and percent) and charts through Microsoft Excel. Time period of 2006-2010 was considered for studying indicators and the minimum data set of three years was addressed.

The mean of referral to specialist was 9. 09% in three years. Share of active visits from total visits was estimated as 9. 96%. Seventy one percent of centers had facilities for physician living، whereas this figure should be 100 percent according to plan regulation. During the five-year period of program implementation، mean attrition rate of physicians and midwives was 53% and 9. 2% respectively.

In spite of the relative improvements in some indicators، recruitment and attrition rate of physicians in the program indicated that physicians’ retention is not in a good state and since human resources indicators are amongst key indicators in improving plan performance، serious attention is required. Therefore، regarding the quantitative and qualitative expansion of the plan in urban regions with more populations، the plan is in need of special improvement.

Human relationship for achieving goals، is the most important characteristic of organizations and emotional intelligence (EQ) plays an important role in this case. In this survey، “The relationship between emotional intelligence with organizational commitment among senior and junior managers of educational hospitals of shiraz in 2008”. The survey is cross-sectional (descriptive_ analytic)، the sample has 84 members and the questionnaires of emotional intelligence and organizational commitment have used for gathering data. The data has analyzed by using Spearman correlation، ANOVA and T. test. All the relations are significant at (P≤. /05).. The results show that most managers have a good ability and emotional intelligence، moderate emotional intelligence and organizational commitment and There was a strong significant relation between EQ with organizational commitment. Managers with high EQ have considerable capacity for accepting commitments that causes effectiveness of organizations. So، managers should improve their EQ abilities and as a result، their organizational commitment level.

Planning for preparation of adolescent girls to encounter puberty problems should be predicted and defined on the basis of exact information with regard to their behavior patterns as well as educational needs. Therefore، this study aimed to determine the level of knowledge، attitude and performance of female students concerning menstrual hygiene. In this descriptive cross-sectional study، 600 female high school students were chosen randomly from different regions in Yazd. Data collection instrument included a questionnaire which was completed by the students and the study data was analyzed via Epi 6 software. The study results indicated that 46. 6% of participants recognized the social، physical and mental growth as characteristics of puberty age; almost half of them considered menstruation merely as physical changes of puberty; 12. 2% regarded menstruation as a disease; and 20% took lack of menstruation as unimportant. Hygienic points were not appropriately observed during menstruation period as only 53% took a bath during menses period and 37. 1% did cleaning themseleves. Moreover، 75. 5% mentioned they were infrmed by their mothers or some relatives in the house in regard to puberty issues. Regarding poor knowledge and inappropriate performance of female students about menses issues، it seems essential to present educational programs especially with regard to hygienic issues. Moreover، rectifying untrue beliefs of mothers and their daughters via educational classes by health instructors in schools can be fruitful.

Recent evidence suggests that women are beginning to advance in the workplace and leadership positions thus bringing new hope for women who aspire to participate in such roles. But there is no general self –report measure in Farsi for assessing the alpha females. This study was carried out with the aim of studying the Psychometrics properties of Farsi version of Alpha Females Inventory for college students’ Population. This cross-sectional study was performed on 889 female college students of Kangavar & Asadabad Payame Noor University. Students were selected through random ratio stratified sampling and they were evaluated by administering Alpha female inventory & self-efficacy questionnaire to obtain psychometrics particularity of Farsi version of AFI. The obtained components explained the 59. 55 of total variance. Cunclusion: The number of external final factor gives the main agreed factors of Ward، Popson &Dipaolo، thus based on these findings this inventory has acceptable properties and is valid as well as reliable for identifying Alpha females in our country.

fungi exist all over the world and about as much as flowering plants are abundant and diverse. They reproduce through spores. Fungi can grow at body temperature and may easily infect susceptible people and make some infections. The study of fungal spores is one of the important indicators of biological air quality. So، it defined as the purpose of this study.

This is a cross - sectional study and conducted in Damghan and two villages around it. We used a Bioaerosols sampler for sampling in the breathing level height (m 2-1) by a direct sampling on the sabouraud dextrose agar media. Five points in the urban area and five points from streets of the villages were chosen. In each point، sampling with two replicate on different days of a season and with sampling flow of 28 liters per minute for 5 minutes was performed.

In this study totally 132 colonies were observed in taken the samples، Damghan samples with 64 colonies were the greatest and the villages Mehmandust with 36 colonies and 32 colonies Jazan، had the lowest number of colonies. Most fungal species in the Damghan air were including Aspergillus fumigatus، Alternaria، Penicillium and Aspergillus flavus and Most fungal species in the villages were Aspergillus fumigatus، Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium.

according to the results، rural air quality in Damghan is more favorable in terms of fungal spores. So، the presence of the sensitive persons or patients in rural areas or less crowded area and low-traffic like the village، can help these people in health Promotion.

Childbirth is considered as a crisis in the life of women because it has physical، social، psychological، cultural and psychological dimensions. Securing، providing، maintaining and improving the health of mothers and children as a vulnerable group is important in society. Therefore، promoting the natural labor at all levels of the health system has been considered as the basic policy. In this descriptive study، the participants were 130 nulliparous women in their third trimester of pregnancy who had referred to health centers of Yazd in 2013. Samples were selected by random sampling and data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire in 4 parts the validity and reliability of which had been confirmed. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 18 and indicators of mean and standard deviation were determined. The relationship between structural and demographic variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney، Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests. In this study، the mean age of the women was 24. 36 ± 3. 73 and their mean gestational age was 31. 53 ± 2. 35. The intention of 26. 2% of the participants was cesarean delivery and 73. 8% normal delivery. There was significant difference between intended delivery method and perceived benefits (p=0. 001)، perceived barrier (p=0. 001)، self efficacy (p=0. 001) and perceived susceptibility (p=o. oo2). There was no significant difference between intended delivery method and perceived severity (p=0. 505) and knowledge (p=0. 756). The results showed that HBM can bear on the intention of women. Therefore، there is need for an educational program based on the findings.

For marketing and selling their products، water-treatment equipment vendors use commercial iron and aluminum electrodes thereby changing the quality of water and increasing soluble and suspended solids in water. Due to the lack of scientific justification for the creation of sludge and discoloration caused by water electrolysis with commercial electrodes، this study aimed to compare the chemical water quality after electrolysis with electrodes and electrode coal trade (as a control) in order to detect trick and fraud.

After the electrolysis process with commercial electrodes (iron and aluminum combined)، each electrode individually and coal (as control) on the water quality، the parameters such as hardness، alkalinity، pH، EC، TDS before and after the electrolysis were tested by standard methods. After analyzing the data، the average water quality parameters resulting from the electrolysis of various electrodes were compared.

After placing the commercial and iron-iron electrodes، pH of the samples increased significantly (p <0. 05) whereas after using aluminium-aluminum electrode، no significant relation was identified (p >0. 05). Total hardness، alkalinity، calcium and magnesium and also the trade of placing the electrode and iron electrodes increased significantly (p <0. 05) and aluminum electrodes and electrode placement of the trade remains unchanged. Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids applied to the electrodes of all types were statistically significantly increased. Color samples of the iron electrode and electrode commercial red brownish and opaque white aluminum electrodes of the electrode and the coal was not changed. Except when using coal electrodes، in all cases in which sludge was produced using iron electrodes and electrode-alone commercial green color to black and opaque white was the color of coal electrodes. These results include the not be related to the water.

Electrodes in water electrolysis with commercial production of paints and sludge dumping of aluminum and iron ions and leads to the production of opaque blue and black is wrong to assume، is water impurities. These electrodes were fake and the fostering of the use of the health center should be to increase public awareness and take action to collect them from the market.

Chewing gum is the most common chewing thing worldwide which has a lot of health effects such as thwarting dental bacteria''s and prevention of mouth dry. Regarding lack of studies about knowledge of community people about health effects of chewing gum، the present study was carried out with the aim of determining the knowledge، attitude and practice of 15 years and above people of Karaj city in this area. In this cross-sectional study، total number of 400، 15 years and above people in Karaj were entered in the study with cluster random sampling. Data were collected with a valid and reliable questionnaire by private interview of participants. The questionnaire had four sections: demographic section with six questions، knowledge sections with 23 questions، attitude with 7 items and practice with 7 questions. Data were analyzed with SPSS software using، descriptive statistics، ANOVA، T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient test. 78. 5% of participants reported that they use chewing gum. From them، 8. 3% reported that they use every day. Only 37. 7% were using chewing gum because of its health effects. There was a significant relation between their knowledge level and educational level (P=0. 002) and also rate of chewing gum consumption (P=0. 045). The attitude of chewing gum users was significantly more favorable than nonusers (P=0. 003). Economic status (P=0. 06)، educational level (P=0. 024)، smoking status (P<0. 001) and rate of chewing gum use (P=0. 07) had significant relation with the attitude. There was not any significant relation between practice and background variables. Moreover، mean age of chewing gum users (P<0. 001)، also chewing gum was significantly more prevalent in single people and students. knowledge، attitude and practice of participants regarding the health effects of gum chewing were in moderate level. Using the results of this study for developing effective and exact educational programs in this area is recommended.

Natural water resource is limited and that is essential for human survival. In water resources groundwater for a variety of human activities is a valuable resource. The purpose of this study is investigating the chemical and physical quality of drinking water resource in Khaf villages and compared with Iran and EPAstandards. This study was conducted on drinking water resource in Khaf s villages in the second-half of 2009-2010. 60 sample of deep wells were collected from 30 villages and 14 parameters analyzed according to standard methods suggested by AWWA،2005. The results revealed that parameters of Sulfate، Chloride، Sodium، TDS، EC and Turbidity were respectively at 20، 10، 36، 20،23/3 and 10% which are higher than the standard limits. The fluoride concentration ranged from 0. 15 to 3. 9 ppm، where 33. 3%، 10% samples showed fluoride less and higher than permissible limit respectively. and 56. 6% water samples were within optimum limit i. e. 0. 5-1. 5 ppm. The NO3 - concentration was less than permissible limit (50 mg/l) in 93. 3% villages whereas 6. 6% samples showed higher concentration of NO3 -. This study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters do not fall within the permissible limit. Therefore، currently the related government departments should focus on strengthening “the three wastes” treatment and sanitation management of drinking water and transmission.

Control of fluoride concentration in drinking water due to health effects is very important. The potential of Cuttlefish bone (CB) as a natural sorbent and the effects of pH، contact time، fluoride concentration and adsorbent dosage for the adsorptive removal of excess fluoride from water were examined.

The study was carried out in laboratory scale via batch reactor. The CB was crushed and pulverized by standard ASTM sieves. The chemical composition and solid structure of CB was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Measurement of the surface area was carried out via N2 gas adsorption and BET isotherm. The concentration of fluoride was measured by SPADNS method and spectrophometry on 570 nm. Isotherm and adsorption capacity was determined by Langmuir، Freundlich and Temkin adsorption models.

The main component of CB is CaCO3 which has 5. 36 m2/g surface area. The results indicated the following: 120 minimum contact time، neutral pH، 15 g/l of sorbent and 7 mg/l of fluoride concentration led to 52. 2 % of fluoride removal; increasing adsorbent dosage from 15 to 45 g/l led to increasing fluoride removal up to 75. 2%. The adsorption data conform to Langmuier model (R2=0. 997) in which maximum adsorption capacity was 1. 64mg/g and dimensionless coefficient of RL and b was 0. 76 and 0. 063 L/mg، respectively. Based on Freundlich model the coefficient of n and k was found to be 0. 9 and 0. 08، respectively.

Increasing of contact time، fluoride concentration، adsorbent dosage and pH decreasing led to enhancing fluoride adsorption.

Petroleum hydrocarbons are the most frequent environmental pollutants. Contamination of soil and groundwater by diesel released from underground storage tanks is an important and extensive environmental problem in Iran. The aim of this study was to isolate and molecular identification of n-hexadecane-degrading bacteria from compost. Hexadecane، C16H34، used as a model contaminant of diesel oil. New n-hexadecane degrading bacteria was isolated from compost by using enrichments on n-hexadecane. Then isolated bacterium was identified by PCR with 16S rDNA method. Then n-hexadecane degradation was tested by isolated bacteria. Finally response of strain to different salinity concentrations (0، 1، 2. 5 and 5) was determined. Based on morphology، biochemical tests، 16S rDNA sequence analysis and phylogenetic characteristics، the isolated bacteria were identified as Serratia marcescens. After 33 days، n- Hexadecane concentration decreased from 90 mg to 32. 84 mg (63. 51%) by isolated bacteria. In addition، the results showed that isolated bacteria can grow on 5% salinity. The results of this study show that Serratia marcescens can be used in remediation of petroleum products especially diesel oil in tropical area and semisalinity of soils in Iran. Our findings indicate that Serratia marcescens is a halotolerant microorganism.

randomized controlled trials are gold standard for investigate treatment effect and important characteristics among the groups is random assignment. In studies، there is no random allocation between the groups; hidden bias may be defined results.

We performed sensitivity analysis method was proposed by Mr. Resenbum using R software and programming environments were analyzed. The study population included patients who had been diagnosed with fatty liver by ultrasound.

The analysis of the results with routine statistical tests showed there was statistically significant in liver enzymes (ALT، AST and AUK) between groups. However، sensitivity analysis model showed that results were sensitive to hidden bias and lead to disturbed results.

The results of the model sensitivity analysis shows that vitamin E has no effect on liver enzymes. In this study، the sensitivity is low to hidden bias and has affected the results.

A common method of managing Health Care and proper instruction and referral of patients through health system is implementing family physician planning. In order to improve health indices and referral system، family physician has been employed in the rural areas in the last 8 years. It seems quite essential to re-evaluate this system after these years. This is a descriptive study. Data were gathered by census in 1383 and the first half of 1384 as pre- implementation of family physician program and in 1389 and 1390 after utilization of it in the 38 Rural Health- Treatment Centers in the province of Yazd. It included family physicians، midwives، and clinical and para-clinical units. A validated check list including 15 questions in 5 areas (proportion of population to physician، proportion of midwives to the centers، percentage of availability of laboratories، average of number of drugs in the pharmacies of rural centers، and average of staying of physicians in the cities of the province of Yazd) was used. SPSS 19 was applied، using Mann-Whitney and t-tests to do statistical analysis. Comparing indices of health care management before and after implementation of family physician program revealed that the proportion of midwives to the centers has increased significantly. However، it did not have a positive effect on other indices، even though they improved relatively. (P-value <0. 05). By reinforcing health care management indices in accordance with the relevant standards، and promoting welfare facilities and proper financial motivations in order to inspire physicians to stay longer in the deprived areas، we hopefully can see strengthening of referral system. This will eventually lead to the improvement of health indices.